Electric vehicles and a variety of portable electronics employ lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, a type of rechargeable battery. Compared to normal lead-acid or nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries, they have a higher energy density. As a result, the size of the battery pack as a whole can be decreased by battery makers.

The lightest of all metals is lithium. However, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries only have ions and not lithium metal. Ions are atoms or molecules having an electric charge brought on by the loss or gain of one or more electrons, for those who are unsure of what an ion is.

Since deep-cycle batteries are made to provide power for extended periods of time, they set themselves apart from starting, lights, and ignition (SLI) batteries. Smaller, lighter batteries are preferable since they reduce the weight of the vehicle and hence increase its performance. Electric vehicle batteries are distinguished by their relatively high power-to-weight ratio, specific energy, and energy density. The majority of today's battery technologies have substantially lower specific energies than liquid fuels, which frequently affects the cars' maximum all-electric range.

What is a lithium-ion battery?

A lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that is charged and discharged by lithium ions moving between the negative (anode) and positive (cathode) electrodes. In general, disposable batteries are referred to as primary batteries, whereas batteries that may be charged and discharged repeatedly are referred to as secondary batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are utilized in a variety of applications, including consumer devices like smartphones and PCs, industrial robots, production machinery, and automobiles, due to their suitability for storing high-capacity electricity.

Lithium-ion batteries are popular because they have a number of important advantages over competing technologies:

• Compared to other sizes of rechargeable batteries, they are typically much lighter. A lithium-ion battery's electrodes are constructed of lightweight lithium and carbon. Due to lithium's strong reactivity, a significant amount of energy can be stored in its atomic bonds. For lithium-ion batteries, this translates into an extremely high energy density. A typical lithium-ion battery has a storage capacity of 150 watt-hours per kilogram of battery. Although 60 to 70 watt-hours may be more common, a NiMH (nickel-metal hydride) battery pack has a potential storage capacity of 100 watt-hours per kilogram.

• They hold their charge. A lithium-ion battery pack loses only about 5 percent of its charge per month, compared to a 20 percent loss per month for NiMH batteries.

• They have no memory effect, which means that you do not have to completely discharge them before recharging, as with some other battery chemistries.

• Lithium-ion batteries can handle hundreds of charge/discharge cycles.

EV applications for lithium-ion batteries

In the beginning, lithium-ion batteries (and the mechanistically equivalent lithium polymer batteries) were created and marketed for use in laptops and consumer gadgets. They have emerged as the primary battery type for usage in EVs due to their high energy density and long cycle life. N. Godshall originally exhibited a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite anode in 1979, and John Goodenough, Akira Yoshino, and others soon after. This was the first commercially available lithium-ion chemistry. The drawbacks of conventional lithium-ion batteries are their sensitivity to temperature, poor performance at low temperatures, and aging-related performance decline. Traditional lithium-ion batteries present a fire safety risk if punctured or charged due to the flammability of organic electrolytes, the presence of highly oxidized metal oxides, and the thermal instability of the anode SEI layer.

Battery capacity

Battery capacities for non-plug-in hybrid vehicles range from 0.65 kW/h (2012 Honda Civic Hybrid) to 1.8 kW/h (2001 Toyota Prius).

Battery capacities for plug-in hybrid vehicles range from 4.4 kW/h (2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid) to 34 kW/h (Polestar 1).

Battery capacities for all-electric vehicles range from 6.0 kW/h (2012 Renault Twizy) to 212.7 kW/h (2022) GMC Hummer EV).

Features :

•   Environment Friendly

•   Long-lasting performance

•   Reliable service life

•   Unsurpassed safety

•   Light Weight

•   High Energy Density

•   High Voltage

•   No Memory Effect

•   Flat Discharge Voltage